Are composting toilets legal? I would answer a qualified yes.
However, if you are building a new home, the building inspector may insist on an “approved” composting toilet system. What exactly this means can vary from place to place. In some areas, composting toilets are welcome if properly installed and used. In other areas, authorities don’t seem to be thrilled with the idea, and may need some convincing. In my region, the inspector has told me “I understand what you are doing, and I like it. But there is nothing in the code book about it, so don’t ask and I won’t say no”.
In my experience, most people do not need a permit for installing a composting or waterless toilet. If you do need a permit, it’s best to talk to your local government. You might have to speak with a department manager, engineer, or someone in charge, as a special permit may be required. The building inspector is more likely to be helpful than the person behind the counter. If you have forward thinking people at your local government offices, you should be able to show them your waste management plan. If it is a sound plan, you may well get approval.
In urban areas especially, where new houses are concerned, authorities may require the basic infrastructure for a flush toilet to be built into the house ( drain pipe, vent stack and water supply). This is so future owners of the home will not be locked in to using a composting toilet.
In a way I can understand the concern. The municipality or county is handing over the very serious responsibility of dealing with human waste over to the home owner. They are concerned that a careless person might not deal with the output of their composting toilet appropriately, and someone could get sick, or water could be contaminated. When used properly, composting toilets produce harmless fertilizer only, but it does require care and attention.
Certifications for Composting Toilets
Some toilets have certifications from independent testing agencies. Typically this is an ETL certification (urine diverting toilets) or an NSF 41 certification (non-urine diverting toilets). In addition, there are many other certifying laboratories.
Older style “NSF 41 certified” composting toilet solid waste chamber. Yikes!There are places in North America where some kind of certification is required before they issue a permit for a composting toilet. However, these certifications are problematic. First, they do not address what happens to the solid material once it is removed from the toilet. Any composting toilet could quite possibly have fecal pathogens in the solid waste that you remove. It is critical that this waste is handled according to instructions, and that fecal contamination does not occur. The certifications provide no assurance of that.
The second problem is that some certifications are incredibly expensive to obtain. I’ve heard of fees in the range of $60,000 being charged, with annual ongoing fees of $7000-$9000 dollars per product or model. With no assurance that any government body will even accept the certification. For this reason, most manufacturers are deciding not to obtain certification. They see it as a money grab. They may have a point. Having discussed the “certification” process with one agency, I am very unconvinced that they know what they are talking about.
Complicating matters is the fact that some older toilets which do not work all that well have obtained certification, while some newer models that work much better do not have certification. So we have a crazy situation where toilets that don’t work very well are certified, and toilets that work very well are not certified.
The third problem is there is no universal agreement among government agencies on what certification to require. In my experience, a certification means little to most authorities, and is no guarantee your toilet will be approved.
So it’s difficult to answer the question – are composting toilets legal? It depends. .
New Guidelines on Composting Toilets
Thankfully, very detailed new guidelines on composting toilets have recently been published. This was a very carefully thought out process, written by an engineer and peer reviewed. These are probably the best, most comprehensive guidelines on composting toilets in North America today. Although published in Canada by the British Columbia Ministry of Health, I am hopeful they will be read and adopted widely by governments across North America. It might be an idea to obtain a copy, and take it to your local authorities when you try to convince them that your installation will be properly done, with no risk of problems. You can read the complete guidelines here: BC government guidelines on composting-toilets.
The Thinktank waterless toilet stores the waste for safe removal. When combined with a storage receptacle for the solid waste (such as a compost bin), it is capable of meeting these government guidelines.
This page attempts to answer the question: are composting toilets legal? Please share your experiences below to help others.
How do I find out if these toilets comply with the building/mechanical/plumbing code in WA State?
I presume you are building a new home. No waterless toilet, composting toilet, urine diverting dry toilet, incinerating toilet – or any alternative toilet – automatically meets code in WA or anywhere else. If you want a permit (and you need a permit if building a new home) you need to find out how to meet their requirements, and this varies. They typically want to know what will happen to the solid waste that is removed from the toilet, as in no instance is it automatically considered treated waste. A waste management plan is what they would approve – not a toilet. Meeting requirements can be simple or onerous, depending on the attitude of your local officials. Please see my page on the topic here.Are Composting Toilets Legal?
My toilet has been installed and I am happy to have it. All is fine with the mere exception of me being able to connect the fan. I know nothing about electricity and I really want to just plug something into the hole on the side of the toilet and then plug the other end into a wall socket.
It appears that I will need to hire someone with electrical experience to come over and hook up the fan for me. Is there a reason this process cannot be as simple as I would like?
The toilet comes with a wiring harness that allows very easy connection to a 12 volt battery. There is an optional wall transformer that allows you to plug in to the wall. You don’t need an electrician.
So – why is it ok to use steer manure (or horse, cow, sheep, pig, etc) for fertilizing gardens (including edible plants), but not recommended for human waste? We are mammals, so are they. Poop is poop. Animals get diseases that humans can’t, and vice-versa, as well as sharing some. What’s the big deal? Are we so afraid of what we don’t understand that we automatically turn our noses up at it? (pun intended)
A great question, and I initially wondered this myself. It turns out poop is not poop. Human waste contains harmful pathogenic organisms and disease causing agents that do not occur in livestock waste. You can’t easily get very sick from livestock waste, but contact with human waste could actually kill you (and it does, in the developing world). It’s not that we don’t understand it. We understand it very well. The World Health Organization, EPA, and many others have researched this extensively. We must be extremely careful in handling the waste from our composting toilets. All guidelines and recommendations must be followed. And never – ever – can compost from human waste be used to fertilize edible plants.
Differences Between Human Waste & Livestock Manure
Hello Richard, i am considering collecting my #2 waste just in a ceramic pot and covering with sawdust and compost starter to make compost (to reduce water use and to use the resulting compost on my garden). My wife of course things i am nuts as it presents a dangerous fecal organism in a not treated properly compost. I think of composting as a high temperature process (160-170F)AND HELD THERE FOR DAYS TO KILL Bab BACTERIA AND VIRUSES. Is there not a GRAS high temperature /time period that compost can be heated and held to kill/denature bad bacteria and viruses ? Please send a reference if you can . Thanks Bernie Denning, Indianapolis
Excellent question. Thank you.
Forget the ceramic pot with sawdust and compost starter. You need a fairly large, preferably off the ground, preferably rotating compost drum that cannot leak. Please read my page on the subject.
Yes, all pathogens would be dead very quickly at a high temperature. But unfortunately there is no standard for composting human waste, that I am aware of (ie x degrees for y days). There are too many variables. Fortunately, there is an easier way. Solvita has a test kit for this purpose that tells you when the compost is mature and safe. They have assured me this is an ideal method for testing compost from human waste. I plan to offer it in the future. However, I make no guarantees, as I have not used it yet myself.
You’d need the basic compost test kit from them, which is $190, and can do 6 tests. That should last a typical user a long time. See it here: Solvita test kit
Refills are $490 for 25. I’d use about 1 or 2 a year, so I’d never need 25. Something needs to be worked out here. http://solvita.com/product/solvita-compost-maturity-refill/
You can see a video on using the Solvita kit here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=27&v=nD8O_TRN6bY
SOIL in Haiti composts a lot of human waste. They heat it up I think to 160 degrees F for 36-50 weeks. It’s probably drastic overkill. But you don’t want to fool around with human waste. People could get sick. Compost it for much longer than you think is necessary. http://www.oursoil.org/publication-on-soils-composting-method-by-the-cdc-and-emory-university/
There is an interesting study on treating humanure compost with heat at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0125336
And finally, most experts recommend using compost from human waste on non-edible plants only. Not the spinach!